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What is PID Controller?

 PID Controllers are widely used in industries nowadays. Although there are inbuilt PID controller functions in the PLC, this functions are used in many applications. Approximately 95% of the closed-loop process in industrial automation sector uses this type of controller.

 PID stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative. These three controller is combined in such a way that they can control the process as per user defined value.

Let’s take an example to better understand working of PID Controller.

PID Controller


This is a small example of temperature control process using PID controller. We have a furnace here and we want to control the temperature of the furnace. That’s why we have to give some value of temperature that we want to maintain and this value of temperature is called desired value or set value.


Temperature of the furnace we are getting here through a temperature detector, RTD sensor, which is directly connected to PID controller. This is we called a feedback or actual value. This feedback or actual value is compared with the set value and difference between these two signal is our error. PID controller will generate the output based on this comparison and will give output to the control valve.


To maintain the temperature of the furnace, we are controlling here gas flow by a control valve. Position of this control valve is decide here through PID controller output. The response time of the process will merely depend on the three values like Proportional gain, Integral time and derivative time.


 Proportional Control (P-Controller) Mode :

Proportional controller generates the control output proportional to the error. This error value is multiplied with the proportional gain to determine the response of the output.


If the gain is set too high, then the output of the controller begins oscillating and become unstable and if the gain set at very low value then the output of the controller will not respond to the changes of the set value.


The use of a proportional controller alone has a large drawback. The offset is a sustained error and will not be eliminated by using a proportional controller alone.

The speed of the response is increased when the proportional gain increases.

Integral Control (PI-Controller) Mode :

Due to the limitation of a proportional controller, a continuous offset is present. The integral controller will continuously increment and decrements the controller output to reduce the error.


If the error value is large, the integral mode will increment/decrement the controller output fast and if the error value is small, the integral mode will slow the function.


For the large integral time, the speed of the response of the controller will slow, and for the small integral time, the speed of the response will be fast.


Derivative Control (PID-Controller) Mode :

There is a limitation of the I-controller that it can’t predict the future behavior of error. So it reacts only once when there is a change in set value.


The derivative controller generates the output based on the rate of change of error and will work fast then PI controller. If there is no change in the error the output of this controller is zero.


The speed of the response is increased with increment in the derivative time. If the value of the derivative time is too large then oscillation will occur and the system will become unstable. For the zero value of derivative time, the output of the controller will become zero.


Here are some examples where PID-Controller generally used in the industries:


In the above example, we are controlling the flow at a specified value by controlling the position of control valve using the in-built PID function of the PLC.


In the above example, we are controlling the suction pressure at a specified value by controlling the speed of the motor using the in-built PID function of the PLC.

There is a lot more example of PID functions in the automation sector in the industry.

-END-

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