Types of Orifice Plates & Orifice Plate Tappings

 Orifice Plate Pressure Taps

There are 6 types of pressure taps that can be used on pipes in conjunction with orifice plates. They are used to allow the transmitter to tap into the pipe to measure the high and low pressure sides of the flow.

These types are as follows:

Flange taps

Vena-contractive taps

Radius taps

Pipe taps/Full flow taps

Corner taps

Elbow taps

Flange taps

Flange taps and radius taps are the most commonly used. Flange taps are located 1 inch upstream and 1 inch downstream of orifice plates for pipe sizes greater than 2″, and cannot be used for pipes smaller than 1.5″ diameter, but not recommended below 2″.

Vena-contractive taps

Vena-contractive taps are located 1 pipe upstream and the downstream tap is located at the point of minimum pressure to ensure a maximum differential pressure. These taps are for small pipe diameters and they are similar to flange taps.

Radius taps

Radius taps are more standardized taps that keep one radius of a pipe up to one diameter of pipe upstream, but the downstream tap is located 1/2 of a pipe diameter downstream. Both vena-contractive and radius taps are recommended for pipes 6″ or larger.

Pipe taps

Pipe taps are located with the high pressure tap located 2.5 pipe diameters upstream and 8 pipe diameters downstream. The exact location is not critical, and measurement error is large because the taps are not close to the flange that contains the orifice plate.

Corner taps

Corner taps are similar to flange taps, except the pressure tap is located inside the edge of the orifice plate on either side. These are common taps in Europe on all pipe diameters and in North America on pipe sizes below 2″.

Elbow taps

Elbow taps do not use an orifice plate. They rely on differential pressure when fluid flows around an elbow. These taps are highly inaccurate, but are cheap to purchase and easy to install.

Types of Orifice Plates

There are 4 types of Orifice Plates that we will discuss:

*Concentric Orifice Plate (Hole is in the center)

*Eccentric Orifice Plate (Hole is off center)

*Segmental Orifice Plate

*Others – such as Conical and Quadrant, and Edged Entrance types.

Concentric is by far the most common, It’s used on most processes, but not recommended for use on slurries or highly corrosive processes.

Eccentric are used for liquids that contain gases or solids.

Conical orifice plates are installed backwards so that the flow enters the beveled side, where normally the flow enters the non-beveled side.

Integral orifice plates are another type of orifice plate used for low flow rates. They are basically a small tube that you can mount directly to the differential pressure transmitter. An option to purchase on some transmitters, and there is an orifice inside the tube that connects the high side cavity to the low side cavity.

Conditioning orifice plates have 4 holes.

Orifice plates are made mostly from 316 stainless steel, but may be available in Mono or Hastiloid for high temperature, high pressure, or corrosive applications. A standard orifice plate has a bevel or cone shape. Small side has a sharp edge and the edge should face upstream to the flow. The stamping on the orifice plate should also face upstream.

Orifice plates should generally be installed at least 4-5 pipe diameters from a bend or elbow. You can purchase straightening veins to minimize straight-run requirements. Orifice plates are easy to install and maintain. They are used with a wide variety of pipe diameters, and can be accurate. There is an enormous body of knowledge on how fluids handle with an orifice plate in engineering books and resources.

Orifice plates have sharp edges that can wear down by slurries and corrosive fluids, which will introduce measurement error. The total installed cost can be high, but on average an orifice plate is about $100-$300. The flange cost and maintenance costs are much higher, along with the energy loss cost caused by restricting the flow.