Paddle Wheel Level Switch Principle

A more primitive variation on the theme of a “tuning fork” level switch is the rotating paddle switch, used to detect the level of powder or granular solid material. This level switch uses an electric motor to slowly rotate a metal paddle inside the process vessel. If solid material rises to the level of the paddle, the material’s bulk will place a mechanical load on the paddle.

A torque-sensitive switch mechanically linked to the motor actuates when enough torsional effort is detected on the part of the motor. A great many level switches of this design sold in the United States under the trade-name Bindicator (so-called because they detected the level of solid material in storage bins).

Paddle Wheel Level Switch

A “Bindicator” style of level switch appears in this photograph (painted black, against a white painted hopper), used to detect the presence of soda ash powder in a hopper at a water treatment plant.

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PLC Program for Mixing Tank

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Chlorine dioxide Analyzer Principle

Chlorine dioxide measurement Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an instable, non-storable, toxic gas with a characteristic scent. The molecule consists of one chlorine atom and two oxygen atoms – represented in the chemical formula ClO2. It is very reactive. To avoid the risk of spontaneous explosions of gaseous chlorine dioxide or concentrated solutions, it is generally handled in dilution with low concentrations. ClO2 is soluble in water, but tends to evaporate quickly. Typically it is prepared on site, for example from hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorite. The procedure provides solutions with approx. 2 g/l ClO2 that can be safely handled and stored for several days. Image Credits : krohne Sensor Parts : Reference electrode Applied chlorine dioxide specific potential Current needed to maintain the constant potential Counter electrode Measuring electrode The disinfection effect of ClO2 is due to the transfer of oxygen instead of chlorine, so that no chlorinated byproducts are formed. C...

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